Pointers

Pointer operations in Slang

Reference

t1 = &x

Store the address of x (not the value) in t1.

Dereference

t2 = *t1

t1 is an address. Take the value of memory at the address and store it in t2.

Dereference assignment

*t1 = 11

t1 is an address. Store the value 11 at that address.

Complete example

begin main(a, b)
locals x, y, t1, t2, t3
x = 8
y = 9
t1 = &x
t2 = *t1
*t1 = 11
t3 = x
return x
end

What is the value of x that gets returned?

x gets 8
t1 gets the address of x
11 gets stored at the address given by t1, which is the address of x
x’s value is then 11

Local variables

Recall that local variables and parameters are stored at offsets from %rbp

Symbol table

begin main(a, b)
locals x, y, t1, t2, t3

Variable	Offset
x	-16
y	-24
t1	-32
t2	-40
t3	-48
a	-56
b	-64

mov -16(%rbp), %rax  # Load x into %rax

Memory layout

(Diagram)

Layout of local variables in memory
Give numeric addresses to each frame entry.
Show %rbp

Assignment

How does assignment work in assembly?

Use an offset from %rbp

mov $8, -32(%rbp)

Getting (referencing) a pointer

t1 := &x

Stack frame, with addresses

How do we get the address?

What will hold the stack frame address?
What’s the offset?
Assembly operations to compute the address?

Computing the address

Start with %rbp
Add the offset (it’s negative so it’s equivalent to subtraction)
Store the result

Does this involve the value of the address in anyway?

A little easier to see in when looking at the stack frame

Computing the address

(Diagram)

Assembly code

Assume the following offsets (see the symbol table)

Variable	Offset
x	-16
t1	-32

Assembly code

mov %rbp, %rax      # Start with stack frame address

add $-16, %rax      # Add the offset of the referenced var (x)

mov %rax, -32(%rbp) # Store the result in the assigned var (t1)

(Diagram)

Dereferencing a pointer

t2 = *t1

What’s the value of t2? - If t1 = 260 - If t1 = 260 and address 260 holds the value 10?

Following an address

What assembly instructions loads a value from an address?

Register indirect mov

mov (%rax), %rbx

(%rax) here means load the value at the address given in %rax.

Computing the address

Get the value of the de-ref’ed variable (the address)
Get the value of memory at that address
Store that the value of memory at that address

Computing the address

(Diagram)

Assembly code

Assume the following offsets

Variable	Offset
x	-16
t1	-32
t2	-40

Assembly code

mov -32(%rbp), %rax # Value of the deref'ed variable (t1)

mov (%rax), %rbx    # The value in memory at address %rax (*t1)

mov %rbx, -40(%rbp) # Store the result in the assigned var (t2)

Notice how the value of x is the same as the value of *t1. Why is that?

Show on stack frame why this is the case.

Pointer assignment in Slang

Dereference assignment

*t1 = 11

t1 is an address. Store the value 11 at that address.

Stack frame layout

begin main(a, b)
locals x, y, t1, t2, t3
x = 8
y = 9
t1 = &x
t2 = *t1
*t1 = 11
t3 = x
return x
end

Stack frame diagram, same as prior lecture

Assigning to a dereferenced pointer

*t1 = 11

Stack frame, with addresses

What’s the value of t1?
What’s the value of *t1?

Following an address

What assembly instruction stores a value from to address?

Register indirect mov

mov %rbx, (%rax)

(%rax) here means store the value at the address given in %rax.

Computing the address

Get the value of the variable (the address)
Get the value of memory at that address
Store that the value of memory at that address
Add the offset (it’s negative so it’s equivalent to subtraction)
Store the result

Computing the address

(Diagram)

Assembly code

Assume the following offsets

Variable	Offset
t1	-48

Assembly code

*t1 = 11

mov -48(%rbp), %rax # Value of the deref'ed variable (t1)

mov $11, %rbx       # Value of the right-hand side (11)

mov %rbx, (%rax)    # Store the result in the address (*t1)

Complete example

Slang

begin main(a, b)
locals x, y, t1, t2, t3
x = 8
y = 9
t1 = &x
t2 = *t1
*t1 = 11
t3 = x
return x
end

Assembly

    .file "stdin"
    .section .note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits
    .text
    .globl main
    .type main, @function
main:
    # Prologue, ypdate stack pointer
    pushq   %rbp        # Save old base ponter
    movq    %rsp, %rbp  # Set new base pointer
    push    %rbx        # Save old %rbx
    sub $56, %rsp       # Allocate stack space for locals

    mov %rdi, -16(%rbp) # Move parameter a to local variable
    mov %rsi, -24(%rbp) # Move parameter b to local variable

    # x := 8
    mov $8, %rax
    mov %rax, -32(%rbp)

    # y := 9
    mov $9, %rax
    mov %rax, -40(%rbp)

    # t1 := &x
    mov %rbp, %rax
    add $-32, %rax
    mov %rax, -48(%rbp)

    # t2 := *1
    mov -48(%rbp), %rax
    mov (%rax), %rbx
    mov %rbx, -56(%rbp)

    # t1 := 11
    mov -48(%rbp), %rax
    mov $11, %rbx
    mov %rbx, (%rax)

    # t3 := x
    mov -32(%rbp), %rax
    mov %rax, -64(%rbp)

    # Set return value
    mov -32(%rbp), %rax

    # Epilogue
    add $56, %rsp       # Deallocate stack space for locals
    pop %rbx            # Restore %rbx
    pop %rbp            # Restore old base pointer
    ret                 # Return

Diagram

(Diagram)

Coding Templates

# Reference
mov %rbp, %rax
add $OPERAND_OFFSET, %rax
mov $rax, DESTINATION_OFFSET(%rbp)

# Dereference
mov OPERAND_OFFSET(%rbp), %rax
mov (%rax), %rbx
mov %rbx DESTINATION_OFFSET(%rbp)

# Derefence assignment
mov DESTINATION_OFFSET(%rbp), %rax
mov OPERAND, %rbx
mov $rbx, ($rax)