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Introduction
to the
Soft= ware Engineering
COT 4810
Topics in Computer Science <= /span>
© Dr. David A. Workman
School of EE and Computer Science&= #13;
1/19/2007
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January 13, 2005
(c) Dr. David A. Workman
2
Lect= ure Requirements & Objectives
1.= Approximately 20 minutes in length.
2.= Answer or clarify: “What is Computer Science?”
3.= Suggest topics for further investigation and understanding.
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January 13, 2005
(c) Dr. David A. Workman
3
Refe= rences
•Software Engineering: A practioner's Approach, by Roger Pressman, McGraw-Hill •The Unif= ied Software Development Process, by Booch, Rumbaugh, & = Jacobson, Addison-Wesley •Software Engineering Project Management<= /span>, Edited by Thayer & Yourdon,  IEEE Computer Society = •The Capa= bility Maturity Model: Guidelines for Improving the Software Process, by Carnegie Mellon University, SEI, Addison-Wesley, 1994, ISBN=3D0-201-54664-7<= /span>
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January 13, 2005
(c) Dr. David A. Workman
4
Lect= ure Outline
•Some Insightf= ul Definitions
•Software Life= Cycle (Cradle to Grave)
<= span style=3D'color:blue;font-weight:normal'>•Software Proc= ess Models (Algorithms for producing software)
•UML: The lang= uage for software design and specification
<= span style=3D'color:blue;font-weight:normal'>•A Formal Stan= dards for Software Specification (Documentation)
•Project Plann= ing and Estimation
•Software Qual= ity and Measurement
•Summary <= /span>
•Questions to = Ponder
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January 13, 2005
(c) Dr. David A. Workman
5
Software Engineering
•DEFINITION<= /span> [Barry Boehm’76].
<= span style=3D'mso-special-format:nobullet;display:none'>• The practical application of scientific knowledge in the design and = construction of computer programs and the associated documentation required to develop, operate, and maintain them.
<= span style=3D'color:#009900;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal'>–Practical Applications
<= span style=3D'color:#009900;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal'>–Scientific Knowledge
<= span style=3D'color:#009900;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal'>–Design and Construction
<= span style=3D'color:#009900;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal'>–Computer Programs and Documentation
–Develop, operate, and maintain
 <= /span>
•DEFINITION<= /span> [IEEE 1993]
1.The application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the = development, operation, and maintenance of softwar= e; that is, the application of engineering to software.
<= span style=3D'color:#0066FF'>2.The study of approaches relevant to 1.
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January 13, 2005
(c) Dr. David A. Workman
6
Computer Science
•DEFINITION&= #13;
• Computer Science is concerned with the scientific study and description of algorithms, programs, the de= vices that interpret them, and the phenomena = surrounding their creation a= nd usage.=

Software Engineering<= /b>  focuses on the application of this scientific knowledge to achieve stated technical, economic, and social goals.

[Peter Freeman’80]
Freeman gives a very good comparison between Computer Science and Software Engineering.  Essentially the difference in these disciplines boils down to this:  Computer Science develops scient= ific knowledge about computing devices and their programs, while Software Engineering applies this knowledge to develop computer-based solutions to practical problems.

Software Engineering applies the disciplines of many fields, including Computer Science, to solve real-world problems.
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January 13, 2005
(c) Dr. David A. Workman
7
Life= Cycle vs. Development Cycle
“Cradle”
“Grave”
Need
a= nd Concept
Formation
O= bsolescence
a= nd De-Commission
Systems
Engineering
Software
Requirements
Elicitation
Software
Requirements
Elaboration
S= oftware Specification
a= nd Project Planning
Software
Design
Code &
Unit Testing
Component
Integration
a= nd
S= ystem Test
Delivery
Installation
& Training
Operation
a= nd
Ma= intenance
Software Development Cycle=
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R0lGODlhAgATAXcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAQAB AA4BgAAAAP8AAAImjAN5qJewXmxGOsrg1RXbzmVT+InbiJ4qmLKr6cbwXNbeTeJtUAAAOw== ------=_NextPart_01C73BDC.E4BB6A00 Content-Location: file:///C:/508AB227/IntroToSWEngineering_files/slide0093.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Software Process
January 13, 2005
(c) Dr. David A. Workman
8
Summary of the Software Lifecycle
•Definition
R= 11;The complete history of a software syste= m from concept formation through decommission broken down into the following “maturation” phases:
<= span style=3D'font-size:88%;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal'>–<= /span>Conception
<= span style=3D'font-size:88%;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal'>–<= /span>System Requirements elicitation and definition = ;
<= span style=3D'font-size:88%;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal'>–<= /span>System Architecture Development =
<= span style=3D'font-size:88%;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal'>–<= /span>Software Requirements elicitation and definition&#= 13;
<= span style=3D'font-size:88%;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal'>–<= /span>Software Requirements elaboration and specificatio= n
<= span style=3D'font-size:88%;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal'>–<= /span>Software Project Planning
<= span style=3D'font-size:88%;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal'>–<= /span>Design
<= span style=3D'font-size:86%;font-weight:normal'>•Architectural Design
<= span style=3D'font-size:86%;font-weight:normal'>•Detailed Design
<= span style=3D'font-size:88%;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal'>–<= /span>Implementation
<= span style=3D'font-size:86%;font-weight:normal'>•Coding
<= span style=3D'font-size:86%;font-weight:normal'>•Unit Testing
<= span style=3D'font-size:88%;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal'>–<= /span>Integration
<= span style=3D'font-size:86%;font-weight:normal'>•Subsystem testing
<= span style=3D'font-size:86%;font-weight:normal'>•System testing (acceptance testing)
<= span style=3D'font-size:88%;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal'>–<= /span>Operation & Maintenance
<= span style=3D'font-size:86%;font-weight:normal'>•Corrective : removing bugs ( 17.5% )
<= span style=3D'font-size:86%;font-weight:normal'>•Enhancement: improving exiting capability =3D perfective ( 60.5%) + adaptive ( 18% )
<= span style=3D'font-size:86%;font-weight:normal'>•Reengineering (includes adaptive and perfective maintenance)
<= span style=3D'font-size:88%;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal'>–<= /span>Retirement
Construction
Systems Engineering
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January 13, 2005
(c) Dr. David A. Workman
9
Life Cycle Costs
Integration =3D 24%
Unit Testing =3D 21%
Coding =3D 15%
Design =3D 19%
Specification =3D 15%
Requirements =3D 6%
(Schach - Classical and Object-Orient= ed Software Engineering)
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January 13, 2005
(c) Dr. David A. Workman
10
Process Models
•Definition=
–Process m= odels are “algorithms for developing software.”  Soft= ware process is the execution of a process model.
Data =3D development art= ifacts; Processors =3D people; Algorithms =3D methods + tools
•Water Fall= Model (Winston Royce ’70)
–First formal software development method (1950-70).
–Each development phase was completed bef= ore the next could begin.
–Documents produced as the output of one phase become inputs to the next phase.
–Did not allow f= or changing requirements.  Frequ= ently, the user was not happy with the delivered system.

Phases:
•<= /span>System Engineering
•<= /span>Software Requirements Analysis
•<= /span>Software Design (Architectural & Detailed)
•<= /span>Code and Unit Testing
•<= /span>Integration
•<= /span>Installation & Maintenance
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January 13, 2005
(c) Dr. David A. Workman
11
Process Models
•Spiral Model
R= 26; A = cyclic approach to software development marked by four basic stages that are repeated on each cycle until the target syste= m is delivered.  A <= span style=3D'position:absolute;top:26.0%;left:13.85%;width:79.4%;height:4.0%'>= risk-driven meta model.
–<= /span>Developed by Barry Boehm, “A Spiral Model of Software Development and <= span style=3D'position:absolute;top:33.5%;left:18.35%;width:75.09%;height:3.5%'= >Enhancement”, IEEE Computer, Vol 21, No 5, May 1988.
R= 26; Stage 1: Identify objectives, alternative solutions, and constraints for the = part of the system currently under consideration.
R= 26; Stage 2: Evaluate alternatives and identify associated risks using = prototyping and simulation.
R= 26; Stage 3: Develop and verify the next system increment.
• Stage 4: Review outcome of earlier stages and plan the next cycle.
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January 13, 2005
(c) Dr. David A. Workman
12
Spiral Model
2: Evaluate alternatives and their risks
1: Determine objectives, alternative solutions, & constraints.
4: Review outcome and
Plan next cycle= .
3: Develop, verify next
system incremen= t.
risk analysis
prototyping
Design
Implementation =
Planning
Review
Test=
Acceptance &
 Installation
See Notes
A characteristic of the spiral is that its radius increases on each cycle.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>  This feature is intended to repr= esent the growing cost and consumption of resources as the process progresses.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>  (I don’t know, but Boehm m= ight have been trying to model the “spiralling costs” of software development when conceived this model.)&= nbsp; Furthermore, the angular displacement of a point on the curve meas= ured relative to the negative X-axis is function of the elapsed development ti= me.

The Spiral Model is a “meta model” because it can be structured to fit or capture many earlier models, such as the Water Fall, Incremental, etc.  This is done by varyin= g the number of cycles in the spiral, allocating different “development” tasks or activities to each cycle.

For example, the Water Fall can be modelled by a one-cycle spiral where System Analysis encompasses the first two stages of the spiral, and all other ma= jor development activities are performed in stage 3.  Stage 4 would not be defined for= Water Fall.  The traditional Maint= enance activity could be modeled by a separate spiral of its own.
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January 13, 2005
(c) Dr. David A. Workman
13
Reen= gineering Process Model
Legacy
System
Proposed
New
Capability
Target
System
Est= ablish
Baseline
Legacy
Baseline
Extract
Requirements
Requirements
Analysis
Modify &
Enhance
Design
Reuse &
Modify
Legacy
Units
Con= struct & Test
new Units
Re-Test
Legacy Units
Produce
New Test
Plan
Extract
Design
Leg= acy
Requirements
New
Requirements
Modified
Requirements
Leg= acy
Design
Des= ign
Changes
Test
Changes
New
Design
New
Design
Re-test
Procedures<= /span>
New= Unit test
Procedures<= /span>
In= tegration test
Procedures<= /span>
Tested
new Units
Tes= ted
Legacy Units
Integrate & Test
All
Units
Identified
Legacy Units
for Reuse &
Modification
Set of Test-ready
Legacy Units
Legacy Test Procedures,
Test Data & Results
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January 13, 2005
(c) Dr. David A. Workman
14
Measur= ement and Control
Development
Activity or = 3;
Procedure
Quality
Review=
Progress & Quality
Assessment
Process Change
Directives
(Project Mangem= ent)
Product Change
Directives
Quality
Products
(and specification for next Activity)
Raw
Products
Product
Specifications
Effort and Size
Metrics
Quality Metrics=
Progress & Quality =
Data
Metrics
Repository<= /span>
Nominal Process Flow or Execution
Process Quality Assessment and Control
Product Quality Assessment and Contro= l
See Notes
1: Product Specifications enter a Development Activity that produces a Raw Product (or Products).  In addition, time stamped metrics on effort and product size are captured in= the Metrics Database.  Effort is usually measured in Work Hours.  The measure of Size depends on the developmen product; documents a= re measured in pages, designs in number of completed modules, and code in nu= mber of source lines, etc.

2: Software Quality Assurrancereviews the Raw Products looking for violation= s to quality standards.  They cap= ture metrics on the quality of the Raw Products and if quality standards are violated, recommend changes to the product.  Documents must be grammar and st= yle checked and free of spelling errors.&nbs= p; Designs must be neat, complete, and follow the conventions of the design language.  Code must = follow certain commenting standards, style conventions, and must be consistent w= ith the design.

3: Management periodically reviews progress and quality metrics and performs various types of analysis to determine if the development process needs t= o be changed.  Considerations of schedule, cost, number of defects, etc. must be evaluated and the cause of deviations from plans must be identified before corrective actions can be determined.
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January 13, 2005
(c) Dr. David A. Workman
15
UML Concepts and Notation
UML
Things
Diagrams
Relationships
Grouping
Behavioral
Structural Elements
Annotational
Use case
Class
Active Class
Interface
Component
Communication
Node
Interaction
State Machine
Package
Model
Subsystem
Framework
Note
Dependency
Association
Compo= sition
Aggre= gation
Generalization
Use case
Class
Sequence
Communication
Statechart
Activity
Component
Deployment
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January 13, 2005
(c) Dr. David A. Workman
16
UML Concepts and Notation
Name
Attributes
(private)
Operations
(public)
Respon-
sibilities
(public)
Class
Active Class
=
Name
Packages
3D"Folded
Textual
content
Note
Action
Use case
Actor
Analysis
Entity Class
Analysis
Boundary Class
Analysis
Control Class
Relationships
Association
Dependency or Flow
Refinement
Generalization
Composition
Aggregation
Component
Name
Attributes
(private)
Operations
(public)
Respon-
sibilities
(public)
Name
class
class
class
class
1
*
0..1=
m..n=
exactly
one
zero
or more
opti= onal
bounded
range
{ constraint }
« ster= eotype »
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January 13, 2005
(c) Dr. David A. Workman
17
Over= view of Unified Software Process
•USDP Models
test1
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test2
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Use Case Model
Analysis Model
Design Model<= /span>
Test Model
Implementation
 Model
Deployment
 Model
implemented
by
realized
by
specified
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distributed
by
verified
by
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January 13, 2005
(c) Dr. David A. Workman
18
Documentation!
1:  Requirements
Elicitation
(Capture)
2: Requirements
Elaboration
(Analysis &
Specification)=
3: Software
Design
Software
Development
Plan=
Software
Requirements
Spec
Use Case
Model
Use Case
Diagram
Co= mmunication
Diagram
Activity
Diagram
Model
System/Gui
behavior
Model
Actor
Interactions
Define System
Boundary; =
Identify Actors
And External
Interfaces;= 3;
Identify Use Cases
(functional capabilities)
Analysis
Model
Class
Diagram
Architecture
Diagram
Identify Boundary,
Control Entity Classes
and their Relationships
Identify Subsystems
their Interfaces &
Relationships
Partition Software into
Work packages.=   Estimate
cost, resource= s, size, and
schedule.<= /span>
Design
Model
Activity
Diagram
Defines computational processes
and their concurrency/synchronization
requirements.
A blueprint for
implementation= .
Incorporates both
functional and non-
functional system
requirements.<= /b>
4: Software
Construction
Source
Code
An executable
form of the system.  Source
is written a <= br> suitable
OOPL.
Use Case Model: Defines system boundary, external actors and interfaces, system functionality from users’ perspective
Analysis Model: Defines internal system architecture, allocates functionality = to system classes and objects, establishes a solution baseline.
Software Development Plan:  A prescription for the construction phase.=   Defines all development processes and procedures.  Give estimates of resources and schedule.
Design Model: Defines an blueprint for implementation; an abstraction of the solution that maps 1-1 with some implementation language.
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19
Soft= ware Requirements Specification (SRS)1
•<= /span>Title
•<= /span>TOC
R= 26;1.  Introduction
R= 11;1.1  Purpose
R= 11;1.2  Scope
R= 11;1.3  Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations
R= 11;1.4  References
R= 11;1.5  Overview
R= 26;2.  Overall Description
R= 11;2.1  Product Perspective
R= 11;2.2  Product Functions
R= 11;2.3  User Characteristics
R= 11;2.4  Constraints
R= 11;2.5  Assumptions and Dependencies =
R= 26;3.0  Specific Requirements
R= 11;… next slide
1 IEEE Std 830-1998
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20
Soft= ware Requirements Specification (SRS)
•3.0  Specific Requirements
–3.1  External Interfaces
–3.2  Functions
–3.3  Performance Requirements
–3.4  Logical Database Requirements
–3.5  Design Constraints
–3.6  Software System Quality Attributes
–3.7  Object Oriented Models
•3.7.1    Analysis Class Model&= #13;
•3.7.2    Analysis Collaboration Model
•3.8  Additional Comments
•<= /span>Index
•<= /span>Appendices
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Soft= ware Development Plan (SDP)2
R= 26;Front Matter (Title, Toc, Lof, Lot)
R= 26;1.  Overview
R= 11;1.1  Project Summary
R= 11;1.2  Evolution of Plan
R= 26;2.  References
R= 26;3.  Definitions
R= 26;4.  Project Organization
R= 26;5.  Managerial Process Plans
R= 11;5.1  Start-up Plan
R= 11;5.2  Work Plan
R= 11;5.3  Control Plan
R= 11;5.4  Risk Management Plan
R= 11;5.5  Closeout Plan
R= 26;6.  Technical Process Plan
R= 26;7.  Supporting Plans
 2=  I= EEE Std 1058-1998
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IEEE= Std (829) for Software Testing
R= 26;Test Plan
–To prescribe the scope, approach, resources, and sched= ule of testing activities.  To identify items to be tested, the features to be tested, the testing tasks to be performed, the personnel responsible for each task, and the risks associated with the plan.
•Test Design Spec
•Test Case Spec
•Test Procedure Spec
•Test Item Transmittal Report
•Test Log
•Test Incident Report
•Test Summary Report
 2=  I= EEE Std 829-1998
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